# USA **URL:** https://forum.ipums.org/c/usa/24.md?page=3 [Latest](https://forum.ipums.org/latest.md) · [Categories](https://forum.ipums.org/categories.md) **Page:** 4 --- ## [Discrepancy in MA estimate of older adults living alone: IPUMS vs. published ACS/AGID data](https://forum.ipums.org/t/discrepancy-in-ma-estimate-of-older-adults-living-alone-ipums-vs-published-acs-agid-data/6694)
**Author:** [@Jeein\_Jang](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Jeein_Jang)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [July 28, 2025, 8:02pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/discrepancy-in-ma-estimate-of-older-adults-living-alone-ipums-vs-published-acs-agid-data/6694 "2025-07-28T20:02:18Z")
Hello, I’m using the ACS 2017–2021 5-year PUMS via IPUMS to estimate the number of male and female householders aged 60+ living alone in Massachusetts. My approach: Restricted to ‘civilian, non-institutionalized’ indi… --- ## [Construction of NCHILD in couples that do not include a hh head](https://forum.ipums.org/t/construction-of-nchild-in-couples-that-do-not-include-a-hh-head/6696)
**Author:** [@Emily\_Curran](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Emily_Curran)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 25, 2025, 9:25pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/construction-of-nchild-in-couples-that-do-not-include-a-hh-head/6696 "2025-07-25T21:25:35Z")
I’m using the ACS NCHILD and YNGCH variables to identify couples living with their own children under age 18. My understanding is that when one partner is the household head, IPUMS constructs these variables using househ… --- ## [IPUMS USA vs Census ACS Tables Outside Margin of Error](https://forum.ipums.org/t/ipums-usa-vs-census-acs-tables-outside-margin-of-error/6688)
**Author:** [@Alan\_Krinsky](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Alan_Krinsky)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [July 24, 2025, 6:13pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/ipums-usa-vs-census-acs-tables-outside-margin-of-error/6688 "2025-07-24T18:13:10Z")
I understand that I should not expect IPUMS USA online query results to match exactly what I would find in similar Census ACS data tables, but I am finding discrepancies far outside the margins of error and I’m trying to… --- ## [Is there a flag for imputed persons in group quarters in the ACS?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/is-there-a-flag-for-imputed-persons-in-group-quarters-in-the-acs/6687)
**Author:** [@Gabriella\_Rocco](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Gabriella_Rocco)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 24, 2025, 6:09pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/is-there-a-flag-for-imputed-persons-in-group-quarters-in-the-acs/6687 "2025-07-24T18:09:37Z")
My understanding from reading the documentation is that in 2011, the ACS begins imputing persons in group quarters (i.e. imputing entire person records, not just a few variables). Is there a flag available to distinguish… --- ## [ACS Table B19126](https://forum.ipums.org/t/acs-table-b19126/6684)
**Author:** [@Priscilla\_Dixon](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Priscilla_Dixon)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 23, 2025, 7:30pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/acs-table-b19126/6684 "2025-07-23T19:30:01Z")
Hi IPUMS, I successfully recreated ACS Table B19126 using 2019 - 2023 5-year PUMS with weighted interpolation and the Census methodology, it falls within the MOEs. But when I apply the same method to 2014 - 2018 or 200… --- ## [Question regarding spmftotval & spmtotres](https://forum.ipums.org/t/question-regarding-spmftotval-spmtotres/6680)
**Author:** [@Kimberly\_Higuera](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Kimberly_Higuera)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [July 22, 2025, 9:26pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/question-regarding-spmftotval-spmtotres/6680 "2025-07-22T21:26:10Z")
I’m having some difficulty distinguishing between the “spmftotval” and “spmtotres” variables. Spmftotval’s variable description says it consists of “total cash income, rounded to the nearest dollar. Income sources in the… --- ## [Identifying unpaid caregivers in ACS 2023](https://forum.ipums.org/t/identifying-unpaid-caregivers-in-acs-2023/6675)
**Author:** [@Damla\_Topbas\_Elveren](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Damla_Topbas_Elveren)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [July 15, 2025, 9:42pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/identifying-unpaid-caregivers-in-acs-2023/6675 "2025-07-15T21:42:11Z")
Hi, This is my first time working with the American Community Survey. I am currently analyzing the 2023 data and want to identify unpaid caregivers. While I can identify unpaid family workers, I also want to examine unp… --- ## [Recreating HHTYPE from PUMS data](https://forum.ipums.org/t/recreating-hhtype-from-pums-data/6667)
**Author:** [@Sarah\_Javaid](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Sarah_Javaid)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 14, 2025, 9:36pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/recreating-hhtype-from-pums-data/6667 "2025-07-14T21:36:59Z")
I am conducting an analysis among single (no spouse or partner) female/male headed families with children under 18. I was trying to understand how IPUMS creates the HHTYPE variable and have been comparing it to the PUMS … --- ## [Selecting on STATEFP and PUMA5CE](https://forum.ipums.org/t/selecting-on-statefp-and-puma5ce/6095)
**Author:** [@skogan](https://forum.ipums.org/u/skogan)\ **Replies:** 5\ **Last updated:** [July 14, 2025, 7:23pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/selecting-on-statefp-and-puma5ce/6095 "2025-07-14T19:23:03Z")
Trying to select PUMAs in Chicago. Happy to select out the many PUMAs involved, but I cannot figure out how to get both STATEFP and PUMA5CE (apparently need both) in the download. Even better would be to just download my… --- ## [Using 5-year or 1-year ACS data for count of kids](https://forum.ipums.org/t/using-5-year-or-1-year-acs-data-for-count-of-kids/6668)
**Author:** [@Julie\_Lowell](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Julie_Lowell)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [July 14, 2025, 3:17pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/using-5-year-or-1-year-acs-data-for-count-of-kids/6668 "2025-07-14T15:17:51Z")
Hi. I’m creating a count of children by single year of age in Vermont in families with incomes under $175,000. Given Vermont’s small sample size, I was inclined to use the 5-year ACS summary data set, but is there a prob… --- ## [2023 ACS Release](https://forum.ipums.org/t/2023-acs-release/6149)
**Author:** [@Carly\_Bouts](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Carly_Bouts)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [July 11, 2025, 4:25pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/2023-acs-release/6149 "2025-07-11T16:25:03Z")
Hello! I’m hoping to use 2023 1-year ACS PUMS. According to the Census website, it was scheduled to be released yesterday. When will it be available? 2023 Data Release Schedule --- ## [How are missing months of birth assigned in the 1900 full count?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/how-are-missing-months-of-birth-assigned-in-the-1900-full-count/6654)
**Author:** [@tmorg46](https://forum.ipums.org/u/tmorg46)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 8, 2025, 4:29pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/how-are-missing-months-of-birth-assigned-in-the-1900-full-count/6654 "2025-07-08T16:29:12Z")
Hello, I couldn’t find this documented anywhere about the 1900 full count census so apologies if it’s already been answered. I know from examining the census manuscripts that there are often cases of people with their bi… --- ## [Language Questions](https://forum.ipums.org/t/language-questions/4531)
**Author:** [@mg20141](https://forum.ipums.org/u/mg20141)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [July 2, 2025, 5:54pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/language-questions/4531 "2025-07-02T17:54:32Z")
Who is answering the question (SPEAKENG) about the English level for children (between 5 to 16)? Are the parents? are children reporting their level of english? --- ## [School variable versus occupation](https://forum.ipums.org/t/school-variable-versus-occupation/6652)
**Author:** [@mg20141](https://forum.ipums.org/u/mg20141)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 2, 2025, 2:47pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/school-variable-versus-occupation/6652 "2025-07-02T14:47:26Z")
In the U.S. Census data from 1860 to 1900, why do we see differences between the variable labeled ‘school’ and the category ‘at school’ within the occupation variable? Are they based on different coding schemes or respon… --- ## [The construction of the variables "STEPMOM" and "STEPPOP"](https://forum.ipums.org/t/the-construction-of-the-variables-stepmom-and-steppop/6631)
**Author:** [@Ruolin\_Wang](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Ruolin_Wang)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 27, 2025, 6:01pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/the-construction-of-the-variables-stepmom-and-steppop/6631 "2025-06-27T18:01:06Z")
As the website suggested, the value 3 of STEPPOP (explicitly specifying a step-parent information) is not available in the ACS samples. However, there is indeed a small portion of observations coded as stepmom/stepdad ==… --- ## [PUMA codes for Chicago MSA](https://forum.ipums.org/t/puma-codes-for-chicago-msa/6628)
**Author:** [@Qiyao\_Pan](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Qiyao_Pan)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [June 26, 2025, 5:07pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/puma-codes-for-chicago-msa/6628 "2025-06-26T17:07:33Z")
Hi, I am working on a project that needs to create a tract-level map for Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). To define the MSA boundaries, I use the MET2013, STATE and PUMA variables … --- ## [Linking the 1852 Californian State Census to IPUMS?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/linking-the-1852-californian-state-census-to-ipums/6627)
**Author:** [@Michel\_Nivard](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Michel_Nivard)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 25, 2025, 8:03pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/linking-the-1852-californian-state-census-to-ipums/6627 "2025-06-25T20:03:12Z")
I want to study the Californian gold rush, the movement of ppl into califormnia, the winners and loosers (based on their property values in the decades after). The gold rush took place in ~1849-1855, I cna obviously use … --- ## [Vacant units in 1940 100% data](https://forum.ipums.org/t/vacant-units-in-1940-100-data/6616)
**Author:** [@Matt\_Ruther](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Matt_Ruther)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 23, 2025, 7:25pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/vacant-units-in-1940-100-data/6616 "2025-06-23T19:25:10Z")
Hi. It seems that it is not possible to identify vacant dwelling units in the 1940 full-count data, using either the hierarchical or household records structure. I’m curious whether this is due to the structure of the or… --- ## [Voting district (election precinct boundaries)](https://forum.ipums.org/t/voting-district-election-precinct-boundaries/6615)
**Author:** [@HotRodz01](https://forum.ipums.org/u/HotRodz01)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [June 18, 2025, 8:43pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/voting-district-election-precinct-boundaries/6615 "2025-06-18T20:43:44Z")
Does IPUMS keep track of historical voting district boundaries throughout the United States? If so, where could they be found? --- ## [Subsidized vs unsubsidized rents in ACS data](https://forum.ipums.org/t/subsidized-vs-unsubsidized-rents-in-acs-data/6591)
**Author:** [@Brandon\_Istenes](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Brandon_Istenes)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 18, 2025, 2:42pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/subsidized-vs-unsubsidized-rents-in-acs-data/6591 "2025-06-18T14:42:05Z")
I downloaded the 2000-2002 ACS data from IPUMS to look into the distribution of rentsub. It looks as though the vast majority of people receiving rental subsidies are reporting their rent payments to ACS rather than thei… --- ## [Occ codes in 1940 1% sample](https://forum.ipums.org/t/occ-codes-in-1940-1-sample/6596)
**Author:** [@Erin](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Erin)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 17, 2025, 4:53pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/occ-codes-in-1940-1-sample/6596 "2025-06-17T16:53:41Z")
I’m looking at occupations in the 1940 Census and there’s an occ code 360 but the codebook (https://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/occ1940.shtml) lists only an occ 260, though numerically it is where 360 would fall. I’m wonder… --- ## [Not all CT counties represented in 2023 ACS data](https://forum.ipums.org/t/not-all-ct-counties-represented-in-2023-acs-data/6574)
**Author:** [@Harini\_Buch](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Harini_Buch)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 10, 2025, 7:02pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/not-all-ct-counties-represented-in-2023-acs-data/6574 "2025-06-10T19:02:35Z")
I recently created a data extract comprised of 2023 ACS data. The data extract was restricted to cases from Connecticut (STATEFIP=9) only. I was using the Excel file found in this website to determine which codes from th… --- ## [PUMA level analysis in multiple years](https://forum.ipums.org/t/puma-level-analysis-in-multiple-years/6560)
**Author:** [@Hulya\_Arik](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Hulya_Arik)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 2, 2025, 8:12pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/puma-level-analysis-in-multiple-years/6560 "2025-06-02T20:12:41Z")
Hello, I am relatively new to IPUMS. My current project involves using American Community Survey (ACS) 1-year PUMS data for multiple years (2005 through 2023) for Tennessee. I know that it is 2000 PUMAs for years betwee… --- ## [PUMA to Subcounty division crosswalk](https://forum.ipums.org/t/puma-to-subcounty-division-crosswalk/6552)
**Author:** [@grigoris.argeros](https://forum.ipums.org/u/grigoris.argeros)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [May 28, 2025, 12:29pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/puma-to-subcounty-division-crosswalk/6552 "2025-05-28T12:29:44Z")
Hi: This might be a straightforward question, but I’m curious about what options are out there. I’m looking for a PUMA-to-sub-county division crosswalk with an allocation factor. I’ve already downloaded one from Geocorr,… --- ## [How to search for 75+ yr old households with 1 million+ income for the Houston metro area?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/how-to-search-for-75-yr-old-households-with-1-million-income-for-the-houston-metro-area/1163)
**Author:** [@Ryan\_Thomas-Dickinso](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Ryan_Thomas-Dickinso)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [January 12, 2016, 8:09pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/how-to-search-for-75-yr-old-households-with-1-million-income-for-the-houston-metro-area/1163 "2016-01-12T20:09:00Z")
I am currently researching the trends of wealthy people in large metro areas. I am trying to use the IPUMS\_USA to pull data and am running into some difficulties. Is it possible to pull data for 75 plus year old househol… --- ## [Identifying who responded to the ACS](https://forum.ipums.org/t/identifying-who-responded-to-the-acs/6544)
**Author:** [@Jessie](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Jessie)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [May 21, 2025, 7:35pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/identifying-who-responded-to-the-acs/6544 "2025-05-21T19:35:43Z")
Hi, I was wondering if there is a variable available in the American Community Survey that identifies who in the household answered the questionnaire. I found the variable RESPONDT, but it is only available for 1940. Is… --- ## [bottom code for income variables (1980)](https://forum.ipums.org/t/bottom-code-for-income-variables-1980/1852)
**Author:** [@ipumsuser](https://forum.ipums.org/u/ipumsuser)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [May 21, 2025, 3:58pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/bottom-code-for-income-variables-1980/1852 "2025-05-21T15:58:15Z")
Hi, for 1980 income variables, it is stated that while the bottom codes for INCTOT, INCBUS, INCFARM, INCINVST are $-9,900, $9,900 is coded as -09995. So after I got the data on STATA, what I did was convert all -9995s i… --- ## [Ancestry Variables](https://forum.ipums.org/t/ancestry-variables/6531)
**Author:** [@Thomas\_Archdeacon](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Thomas_Archdeacon)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [May 16, 2025, 7:16pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/ancestry-variables/6531 "2025-05-16T19:16:20Z")
I am trying to get a (small) sample of ancestry 1 and 2 responses from the 2023 ACS. More than 700,000 did not answer #1 and more than 2.5 million did not answer #2, and I am aware that those decisions not to respond hav… --- ## [Years used to retrieve ACS05-ACS10 Conversion Rates](https://forum.ipums.org/t/years-used-to-retrieve-acs05-acs10-conversion-rates/6528)
**Author:** [@Pietro\_Valelongo](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Pietro_Valelongo)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [May 16, 2025, 5:49pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/years-used-to-retrieve-acs05-acs10-conversion-rates/6528 "2025-05-16T17:49:48Z")
Dear IPUMS Team, My question refers to the official occupational crosswalk published by the Census, which link ACS05 to ACS10 and ACS12 to ACS18. Throughout the Census webpage, it is said that such crosswalks were crea… --- ## [IND1950 error for auto employment](https://forum.ipums.org/t/ind1950-error-for-auto-employment/6521)
**Author:** [@econuser1](https://forum.ipums.org/u/econuser1)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [May 13, 2025, 6:42pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/ind1950-error-for-auto-employment/6521 "2025-05-13T18:42:33Z")
I think there may be an error in how IND is being coded to IND1950 for 1970. There are two IND codes in 1970 that are included in IND1950 auto industry code (IND1950 = 376): IND == 219 and IND == 267 The second one … [Previous page](https://forum.ipums.org/c/usa/24.md?page=2) [Next page](https://forum.ipums.org/c/usa/24.md?page=4)