# USA **URL:** https://forum.ipums.org/c/usa/24.md [Latest](https://forum.ipums.org/latest.md) · [Categories](https://forum.ipums.org/categories.md) --- ## [About the USA category](https://forum.ipums.org/t/about-the-usa-category/73)
**Author:** [@system](https://forum.ipums.org/u/system)\ **Replies:** 0
U.S. CENSUS DATA FOR SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND HEALTH RESEARCH IPUMS USA collects, preserves and harmonizes U.S. census microdata and provides easy access to this data with enhanced documentation. Data includes decennial ce… --- ## [Clarification on 1930 San Francisco WARD codes 22–33](https://forum.ipums.org/t/clarification-on-1930-san-francisco-ward-codes-22-33/7193)
**Author:** [@HarshaD](https://forum.ipums.org/u/HarshaD)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [September 28, 2026, 3:44pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/clarification-on-1930-san-francisco-ward-codes-22-33/7193 "2026-09-28T15:44:10Z")
Hello, I am using the IPUMS USA 1930 5% sample (us1930b) to study San Francisco County. My SDA settings are: Row: MBPL Column: WARD Filters: STATEICP(71), COUNTYICP(750) Weight: PERWT The results include WARD codes … --- ## [Reweighting Households for Person-level Estimates](https://forum.ipums.org/t/reweighting-households-for-person-level-estimates/7184)
**Author:** [@THOMAS\_KELLEY-KEMPLE](https://forum.ipums.org/u/THOMAS_KELLEY-KEMPLE)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [September 24, 2026, 4:30pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/reweighting-households-for-person-level-estimates/7184 "2026-09-24T16:30:56Z")
I have an analysis where I’m trying to estimate the number of children in a state who reside in a household that gets SNAP benefits (ie. what percent of children from state X live in a SNAP household). Ordinarily, this i… --- ## [CITY codes vs FIPS codes](https://forum.ipums.org/t/city-codes-vs-fips-codes/7169)
**Author:** [@Robert\_Gebeloff](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Robert_Gebeloff)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [September 17, 2026, 3:43pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/city-codes-vs-fips-codes/7169 "2026-09-17T15:43:23Z")
This topic has come up before, and there is a guide for how to link modern sample city codes to published FIPS codes, but this generally includes only the largest cities. However, with the historical 100-percent data, t… --- ## [ACS 5-year topcode - updates?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/acs-5-year-topcode-updates/7155)
**Author:** [@mkb1521](https://forum.ipums.org/u/mkb1521)\ **Replies:** 5\ **Last updated:** [September 11, 2026, 2:47pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/acs-5-year-topcode-updates/7155 "2026-09-11T14:47:11Z")
Hello, I have a version of a 2008-2012 ACS variable topcodes that I downloaded in June 2019. In my download, each state-year observation has its own topcode (5 years x 52 states = 260 observations). However, currently o… --- ## [March 18 revision to the 2019-2023 5-year: the correction differs by survey year](https://forum.ipums.org/t/march-18-revision-to-the-2019-2023-5-year-the-correction-differs-by-survey-year/7167)
**Author:** [@CJ\_Libassi](https://forum.ipums.org/u/CJ_Libassi)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [September 4, 2026, 9:13pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/march-18-revision-to-the-2019-2023-5-year-the-correction-differs-by-survey-year/7167 "2026-09-04T21:13:51Z")
The March 18, 2026 revision note for the 2019-2023 5-year ACS/PRCS describes the pre-revision files as indexed to 2022 dollars, but a record-level comparison of the two vintages says the correction was not uniform across… --- ## [Is it expected that microdata-based calculations will diverge from Census estimates?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/is-it-expected-that-microdata-based-calculations-will-diverge-from-census-estimates/7156)
**Author:** [@Kenneth\_Burchfiel](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Kenneth_Burchfiel)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [September 2, 2026, 7:19pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/is-it-expected-that-microdata-based-calculations-will-diverge-from-census-estimates/7156 "2026-09-02T19:19:14Z")
I am using IPUMS ACS5 2024 microdata to caculate PUMA-level sums of single men and women in their 30s. (I’m defining ‘single’ here as having a MARST value other than 1, 2, or 9.) To check my numbers, I also calculated si… --- ## [2025 ACS PUMS 1 Year Data Availability?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/2025-acs-pums-1-year-data-availability/7158)
**Author:** [@Bianca\_Dong](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Bianca_Dong)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [August 31, 2026, 7:58pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/2025-acs-pums-1-year-data-availability/7158 "2026-08-31T19:58:56Z")
Hello! When may we expect the 2025 ACS PUMS 1 year data to be available? Thank you. --- ## [Disability question wording for mobility and self-care](https://forum.ipums.org/t/disability-question-wording-for-mobility-and-self-care/7149)
**Author:** [@vicky\_virgin](https://forum.ipums.org/u/vicky_virgin)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [August 25, 2026, 9:49pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/disability-question-wording-for-mobility-and-self-care/7149 "2026-08-25T21:49:25Z")
Hello, I see that the DIFFCARE and DIFFMOB variables as described in IPUMS require a condition that lasts six months or more, while the ACS removed that condition beginning in 2008. I know that you harmonize variables o… --- ## [For IPUMS. Where can I find the names of all slave holders in 1860 and the number of slaves they owned?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/for-ipums-where-can-i-find-the-names-of-all-slave-holders-in-1860-and-the-number-of-slaves-they-owned/416)
**Author:** [@jhsimpson](https://forum.ipums.org/u/jhsimpson)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [August 24, 2026, 6:27pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/for-ipums-where-can-i-find-the-names-of-all-slave-holders-in-1860-and-the-number-of-slaves-they-owned/416 "2026-08-24T18:27:13Z")
For IPUMS. Where can I find the names of all slave holders in 1860 and the number of slaves they owned? --- ## [Top code for INCSUPP, INCSS (documentation question)](https://forum.ipums.org/t/top-code-for-incsupp-incss-documentation-question/7143)
**Author:** [@Sheela\_Kennedy](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Sheela_Kennedy)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [August 11, 2026, 7:29pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/top-code-for-incsupp-incss-documentation-question/7143 "2026-08-11T19:29:24Z")
Continuing the discussion from Bottom codes for INCINVST in ACS: Hi, INCSUPP indicates that there is no topcode for ACS for 2006-onwards. But, at least in 2023, there does seem to be a topcode, per the 2023 top code ex… --- ## [Guidance on using CBPOVERTY to replicate published Census ACS poverty tables](https://forum.ipums.org/t/guidance-on-using-cbpoverty-to-replicate-published-census-acs-poverty-tables/7132)
**Author:** [@Jori\_Kandra](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Jori_Kandra)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [August 4, 2026, 10:20pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/guidance-on-using-cbpoverty-to-replicate-published-census-acs-poverty-tables/7132 "2026-08-04T22:20:00Z")
Hello forum, I am calculating the official poverty rate using the ACS data and I found a discrepancy between the calculated estimates and the published Census ACS table when using CBPOVERTY in a particular way. Accordi… --- ## [How to download ACS 2024 datasets](https://forum.ipums.org/t/how-to-download-acs-2024-datasets/7133)
**Author:** [@Sampat\_Saraf](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Sampat_Saraf)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 31, 2026, 3:01pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/how-to-download-acs-2024-datasets/7133 "2026-07-31T15:01:50Z")
IPUMS Staff- I was using Missing Key for getting 2023 ACS data but now want to get data for 2024 ACS. What is the equivalent api call --- ## [Bottom codes for INCINVST in ACS](https://forum.ipums.org/t/bottom-codes-for-incinvst-in-acs/7120)
**Author:** [@Sheela\_Kennedy](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Sheela_Kennedy)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 20, 2026, 7:28pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/bottom-codes-for-incinvst-in-acs/7120 "2026-07-20T19:28:57Z")
Hi all, I wanted to mention a discrepancy in the documentation for INCINVST. The variable codes description, indicates that the bottom code in ACS is -9999. The page on ACS top and bottom codes by state states that: “In… --- ## [Are CITYs incorporated places?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/are-citys-incorporated-places/7109)
**Author:** [@Artschil\_Okropiridse](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Artschil_Okropiridse)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [July 15, 2026, 2:22pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/are-citys-incorporated-places/7109 "2026-07-15T14:22:22Z")
Hey, I would like to get a better understanding of the “CITY” variable in the full count censuses. Are cities always incorporated places — or could a place that is large enough, but not incorporated also show up as a … --- ## [1860 enslaved population data v2 missing?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/1860-enslaved-population-data-v2-missing/7116)
**Author:** [@Myles\_Lavan](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Myles_Lavan)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 10, 2026, 8:16pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/1860-enslaved-population-data-v2-missing/7116 "2026-07-10T20:16:35Z")
Hi, I’m trying to download the new April 2026 version of the Enslaved Population Data for 1860 (from " https://usa.ipums.org/usa/slave/slave\_data.shtml "). But when I click on the links for the data files (both “1860 St… --- ## [Making Assumptions from 000 COUNTYFIP Value](https://forum.ipums.org/t/making-assumptions-from-000-countyfip-value/7114)
**Author:** [@Alan\_Krinsky](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Alan_Krinsky)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [July 8, 2026, 5:12pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/making-assumptions-from-000-countyfip-value/7114 "2026-07-08T17:12:26Z")
If a state has 5 counties, but COUNTYFIP identifies households in only 3 of these counties, can I assume that the rest of of the observations, with the value 000, are for the other 2 counties combined? Or is there some r… --- ## [IPUMS Inflation Adjustment for Income Variables](https://forum.ipums.org/t/ipums-inflation-adjustment-for-income-variables/7102)
**Author:** [@Michael\_Evangelist1](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Michael_Evangelist1)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [June 30, 2026, 2:55pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/ipums-inflation-adjustment-for-income-variables/7102 "2026-06-30T14:55:49Z")
I am a little confused about how IPUMS adjusts ACS income variables for inflation for the 5-year data. My understanding based on an earlier forum post is that the income data are inflation adjusted to the last year in th… --- ## [Chborn in full count 1950 Census](https://forum.ipums.org/t/chborn-in-full-count-1950-census/7107)
**Author:** [@Giulia\_Olivero](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Giulia_Olivero)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [June 29, 2026, 3:11pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/chborn-in-full-count-1950-census/7107 "2026-06-29T15:11:22Z")
Hello, I am having issues with the variable chborn in the full count 1950 Census. I understand the question was only asked to ever-married sample-line females, age 14+. But even within that subsamples that are too many … --- ## [1950 full-count income variables (INCWAGE): updated since the Jan 2024 preliminary release?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/1950-full-count-income-variables-incwage-updated-since-the-jan-2024-preliminary-release/7100)
**Author:** [@Joan\_Martinez](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Joan_Martinez)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [June 18, 2026, 7:26pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/1950-full-count-income-variables-incwage-updated-since-the-jan-2024-preliminary-release/7100 "2026-06-18T19:26:18Z")
I’m working with the 1950 full-count census, relying on INCWAGE (my extract also has INCTOT, INCBUSFM, INCOTHER). The January 2024 Preliminary Release notes flag the income values as often erroneous (~70–75% match to th… --- ## [The filter for NCHILD](https://forum.ipums.org/t/the-filter-for-nchild/7092)
**Author:** [@vicky\_virgin](https://forum.ipums.org/u/vicky_virgin)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [June 16, 2026, 2:03pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/the-filter-for-nchild/7092 "2026-06-16T14:03:34Z")
I am wondering why there is not an age filter for NCHILD. For ACS PUMS the variable is only reported for those 15 and older. --- ## [Teachers and wkswork](https://forum.ipums.org/t/teachers-and-wkswork/7090)
**Author:** [@Julie\_Lowell](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Julie_Lowell)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [June 10, 2026, 2:34pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/teachers-and-wkswork/7090 "2026-06-10T14:34:38Z")
I was wondering if there is any guidance on how public school teachers are coded when it comes to the weeks worked variables (wkswork1 and wkswork2). Does this just depend on how the individual answers ACS question 40b (… --- ## [Correction for weights change in 2006 for marital rates](https://forum.ipums.org/t/correction-for-weights-change-in-2006-for-marital-rates/7079)
**Author:** [@Wonjeong\_Jeong](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Wonjeong_Jeong)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [May 19, 2026, 6:37pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/correction-for-weights-change-in-2006-for-marital-rates/7079 "2026-05-19T18:37:11Z")
Hello, My collaborator and I are working with ACS microdata from IPUMS USA and have noticed a discontinuity in age-specific marital-status estimates around 2005-2006. Specifically, we are using MARST and PERWT to estim… --- ## [Precinct level data 1900-1940 Full Count](https://forum.ipums.org/t/precinct-level-data-1900-1940-full-count/7057)
**Author:** [@William\_Hildreth](https://forum.ipums.org/u/William_Hildreth)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [May 1, 2026, 6:15pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/precinct-level-data-1900-1940-full-count/7057 "2026-05-01T18:15:11Z")
Are precinct level data available for counties in each of the 1900-1940 full count Census datasets? The 1930 Population Bulletin includes the data of population by county precincts. I would like to get the full count by … --- ## [Consistent PUMAs in 2024 five-year ACS?](https://forum.ipums.org/t/consistent-pumas-in-2024-five-year-acs/7048)
**Author:** [@wscarb21](https://forum.ipums.org/u/wscarb21)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [April 27, 2026, 10:34pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/consistent-pumas-in-2024-five-year-acs/7048 "2026-04-27T22:34:05Z")
Hello wonderful IPUMS folks. Using the recently released 2024 five-year ACS data. Typically, we shouldn’t assume consistent PUMA boundaries across multi-year files with span redefinitions of these spatial units. But the … --- ## [ACS2022 : Mortamt2 != 0 despite mortamt1==0](https://forum.ipums.org/t/acs2022-mortamt2-0-despite-mortamt1-0/7035)
**Author:** [@watso220](https://forum.ipums.org/u/watso220)\ **Replies:** 1\ **Last updated:** [April 17, 2026, 4:16pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/acs2022-mortamt2-0-despite-mortamt1-0/7035 "2026-04-17T16:16:57Z")
Hello, In ACS2022 1Y microdata, I see that there are about 9k HH observations where mortamt1==0 & mortamt2 != 0. As far as I can tell, this should not happen based on this phrase “By definition, respondents could not ha… --- ## [Crosswalk from MIGPUMA (PWPUMA) to County](https://forum.ipums.org/t/crosswalk-from-migpuma-pwpuma-to-county/4874)
**Author:** [@Juno\_Kim](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Juno_Kim)\ **Replies:** 4\ **Last updated:** [April 13, 2026, 8:34pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/crosswalk-from-migpuma-pwpuma-to-county/4874 "2026-04-13T20:34:04Z")
Hi, I am working on a project about internal migration in the U.S. using the American Community Survey. As I browsed the data, I found the countyfip and migcounty1 variables, which seem to be very useful for generating … --- ## [Failed to read DDI data file](https://forum.ipums.org/t/failed-to-read-ddi-data-file/7027)
**Author:** [@Jose\_Funes](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Jose_Funes)\ **Replies:** 7\ **Last updated:** [April 10, 2026, 8:46pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/failed-to-read-ddi-data-file/7027 "2026-04-10T20:46:16Z")
Hi, I am trying to read the ddi data (acs 2024) file, but I am getting an error message, see below. Please advise data ← read\_ipums\_micro(ddi) Use of data from IPUMS USA is subject to conditions including that users s… --- ## [Westchester County in NYS](https://forum.ipums.org/t/westchester-county-in-nys/7034)
**Author:** [@You\_Zheng](https://forum.ipums.org/u/You_Zheng)\ **Replies:** 2\ **Last updated:** [April 10, 2026, 8:29pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/westchester-county-in-nys/7034 "2026-04-10T20:29:41Z")
We are conducting county-level analysis for Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam counties in New York State. However, I can only find Rockland County in the COUNTYFIP variable (with STATEFIP = 36) in both the 2010 and 2014 … --- ## [WIF in IPUMS/earners definition](https://forum.ipums.org/t/wif-in-ipums-earners-definition/7029)
**Author:** [@Yinuo\_Zhang](https://forum.ipums.org/u/Yinuo_Zhang)\ **Replies:** 3\ **Last updated:** [April 8, 2026, 7:31pm UTC](https://forum.ipums.org/t/wif-in-ipums-earners-definition/7029 "2026-04-08T19:31:39Z")
I’m interested in calculate the number of earners in family for a finer geographic division. The Census Table B19122 suggests that the ACS collect those info, but I have no luck finding on single variable indicating this… [Next page](https://forum.ipums.org/c/usa/24.md?page=1)